{"id":38822,"date":"2026-10-01T08:53:05","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T12:53:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iff.com\/?p=38822"},"modified":"2026-10-01T09:59:30","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T13:59:30","slug":"updated-evolutionary-classification-crispr-cas-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.iff.com\/es\/media\/stories\/updated-evolutionary-classification-crispr-cas-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR\u2013Cas systems including rare variants"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iff.com\/es\/media\/stories\/updated-evolutionary-classification-crispr-cas-systems\/#Executive_Insight\" >Executive Insight<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iff.com\/es\/media\/stories\/updated-evolutionary-classification-crispr-cas-systems\/#Why_This_Research_Matters\" >Why This Research Matters<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iff.com\/es\/media\/stories\/updated-evolutionary-classification-crispr-cas-systems\/#About_the_Authors\" >About the Authors<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iff.com\/es\/media\/stories\/updated-evolutionary-classification-crispr-cas-systems\/#Practical_Applications\" >Practical Applications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iff.com\/es\/media\/stories\/updated-evolutionary-classification-crispr-cas-systems\/#How_This_Research_Was_Conducted\" >How This Research Was Conducted<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iff.com\/es\/media\/stories\/updated-evolutionary-classification-crispr-cas-systems\/#Explore_the_Full_Scientific_Paper\" >Explore the Full Scientific Paper<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"h-executive-insight\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Executive_Insight\"><\/span>Executive Insight <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CRISPR-Cas systems are bacterial immune systems against viruses from which specific components could be successfully diverted into powerful genetic engineering tools with considerable applications in agriculture, medicine, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iff.com\/es\/food-beverage\/food-bioscience\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"6349\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">biotechnology.<\/a><br>Today, thanks to accumulating genomic and metagenomic sequences, the known diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems is widely used and continues to expand. This expanding diversity requires regular updates to CRISPR-Cas nomenclature and classification. The last are two fundamental considerations that, nevertheless, are critical to the large scientific community leveraging CRISPR-Cas-based tools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Building on a foundational article from 2011 and two updates in 2015 and 2020, this latest update describes 2 classes, 7 types and 46 subtypes of CRISPR-Cas systems. The study shows that the previously defined systems are relatively common, whereas newly characterized variants are comparatively rare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-why-this-research-matters\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_This_Research_Matters\"><\/span>Why This Research Matters<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"h-why-this-research-mattersiff-has-played-a-leading-role-in-crispr-cas-research-since-publishing-a-groundbreaking-study-in-science-in-2007-since-then-iff-scientists-have-contributed-to-numerous-high-impact-publications-that-have-advanced-the-field\">IFF has played a leading role in CRISPR-Cas research since publishing a groundbreaking study in <em>Science<\/em> in 2007. Since then, IFF scientists have contributed to numerous high-impact publications that have advanced the field.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Considered to be \u201cthe discovery of the century\u201d in modern biology, CRISPR-Cas research was recognized with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This series of articles treating CRISPR-Cas nomenclature and classification rank among the most cited publications in the field. Through its contributions to this work, IFF continues to strengthen its scientific reputation, visibility, and research network.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iff.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Photo_Philippe_Horvath_Credit_Nicolas_Mahu_Philippe-Horvath-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-55160\" style=\"width:202px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iff.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Photo_Philippe_Horvath_Credit_Nicolas_Mahu_Philippe-Horvath-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.iff.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Photo_Philippe_Horvath_Credit_Nicolas_Mahu_Philippe-Horvath-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.iff.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Photo_Philippe_Horvath_Credit_Nicolas_Mahu_Philippe-Horvath-133x200.jpg 133w, https:\/\/www.iff.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Photo_Philippe_Horvath_Credit_Nicolas_Mahu_Philippe-Horvath.jpg 720w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-about-the-authors\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About_the_Authors\"><\/span>About the Authors<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dr. Kira Makarova and Dr. Eugene Koonin of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) led this study, as well as the three previous classification updates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since 2011, they have brought together leading experts to establish and refine the CRISPR-Cas classification framework. Among the selected contributors is <strong>Philippe Horvath, Senior Lead Scientist and Technical Fellow at IFF,<\/strong> whose pioneering research helped shape the CRISPR field.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Expert Contributor: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iff.com\/es\/experts\/philippe-horvath\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.iff.com\/experts\/philippe-horvath\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Philippe Horvath, Senior Lead Scientist and Technical Fellow at IFF<\/strong>.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-practical-applications\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Practical_Applications\"><\/span>Practical Applications<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This work provides the scientific community with a common language (nomenclature of <em>cas<\/em> genes, for instance) and a robust classification framework for CRISPR-Cas systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The identification of novel CRISPR-Cas systems also creates opportunities to develop improved gene editing tools that will undoubtedly contribute to designing better microbes, vegetables and animals used in various<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iff.com\/es\/food-beverage\/food-bioscience\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"6349\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> food applications.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-how-this-research-was-conducted\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_This_Research_Was_Conducted\"><\/span>How This Research Was Conducted<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A core team of three to six researchers conducted the data research in silico and wrote the initial version of the article including the figures. The project ultimately involved 29 co-authors that substantially contributed to the discussion of the content, edition and approval of the manuscript.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-explore-the-full-scientific-paper\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Explore_the_Full_Scientific_Paper\"><\/span>Explore the Full Scientific Paper<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"h-\">Read the full peer\u2011reviewed publication in Nature Microbiology for detailed methods, data, and results.<br><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-fe48e5de wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41564-025-02180-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the full Paper<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Executive Insight CRISPR-Cas systems are bacterial immune systems against viruses from which specific components could be successfully diverted into powerful genetic engineering tools with considerable applications in agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology.Today, thanks to accumulating genomic&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":69,"featured_media":43368,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,62],"tags":[330,422],"class_list":["post-38822","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general","category-food-beverage","tag-food-biosciences","tag-scientific-papers"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site 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